Wireless sensor networks are important for a number of strategic applications such as coordinated target detection, surveillance, and localization. Energy management in these networks is crucial since battery-driven sensor nodes are severely energy constrained. Considerable research has been recently carried out in an effort to make sensor network energy efficient. A mathematical model is presented to determine a bound on sensor network lifetime, with and without sensing activities. The hardware-based energy model for transmission and reception described in [1] is widely used as the basic energy consumption model for a wireless sensor network node. Heinzelman et al. [6] proposed a cluster-based routing algorithm called LEACH as an energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks. The self-selected cluster heads collect raw data from the neighboring sensing nodes, aggregate them by data fusion methods, and transmit the aggregated data back to base stations for higher level processing. PEGASIS, an improvement over LEACH, is another example of an energy-aware protocol [10], which tends to increase the sensor network lifetime by decreasing the bandwidth via local collaboration among nodes. Another example is the TEEN protocol proposed in [5]. Dynamic power management [4] has also been used for the design of energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. Other related work includes energy-saving strategies for the link layer [11], data aggregation [8], and system partitioning [9]. Sensor deployment for collaborative target detection is discussed in [13], where path exposure is used as a measure of the effectiveness of the sensor deployment. In [14], the authors propose a dual-space approach to event tracking and sensor resource management.
We focus here on reducing energy consumption in wireless sensor networks for target localization. In general, a sensor network has an almost constant rate of energy consumption if no target activities are detected in the sensor field [2]. The minimization of energy consumption for an active sensor network with target activities is more complicated since target detection involves collaborative sensing and communication involving different nodes. The transmission of detailed target information consumes a significant amount of energy due to the large volume of raw data. Contention for the limited bandwidth among the shared wireless communication channels causes additional delay in the relaying of detailed target information to the cluster head. In this work, we attempt to prolong the sensor network lifetime by adopting a new target localization procedure. We propose an a posteriori energy-aware target localization strategy, which is based on a two-step communication protocol between the cluster head and the sensors reporting the target detection events. In the first step, sensors detecting a target report the event to the cluster head using a very short binary yes/no message. The cluster head subsequently queries a subset of sensors that are in the vicinity of these likely target positions. This subset is determined from the localization procedure executed by the cluster head. Our simulation results show that a large amount of energy is saved by using the proposed target localization procedure. The simulation also illustrates the built-in advantages of the proposed target localization procedure in reducing the communication bandwidth and filtering out false alarms.
The organization of the rest of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we present the preliminaries and assumptions. In Section 3, we present details of the energy-aware target localization approach. In Section 4, we present simulation results, comparing the proposed approach to a base method in which every sensor always reports compete target data to the cluster head. Section 5 concludes the paper and outlines directions for future work.
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